387 questions · 100 sources · 0 syntheses
Infectious Disease
The study, spread, and control of infections.
Source-derived questions
Questions extracted from the papers in this topic, excluding the curated questions above.
- By what physiological mechanism does eating ice cream during infusion reduce mucositis pain?
- By what point in 1943 could penicillin output supply the entire Allied armed forces, and how did that change wound treatment in the war?
- Does interleaved practice improve implicit or procedural learning, not just explicit skills?
- How can a focused laser beam trap a microscopic particle without touching it?
- How can a mechanical 'breaking-in' process irreversibly increase the strain-sensing gauge factor of a 3D printed continuous carbon fiber beam?
- How can competing growth regions in a plant tissue draw water away from each other through shared water potential gradients?
- How can synthetic transcriptional regulators be compiled into genetic circuits that perform Boolean logic operations inside plant cells?
- How can the wavelength shift of scattered light act as a fingerprint for identifying a molecule?
- How closely did the network the slime mould grew over a map of Tokyo resemble the actual Tokyo rail system?
- How did Altman's work on ribonuclease P independently point to the same conclusion as Cech's intron studies?
- How did Barré-Sinoussi and Montagnier isolate the retrovirus that would be confirmed as HIV?
- How did Bishop and Varmus trace the src oncogene back to normal vertebrate cells rather than viral origin?
Show 188 more questions
- How did Bordet's complement-fixation test work, and why could it be applied to any antigen-antibody pair?
- How did Compound 606 target Treponema pallidum, the bacterium behind syphilis, without simply attacking the whole body?
- How did Dale's identification of histamine eventually lead to the antihistamines developed in the 1940s?
- How did Delbrück's work distinguish random mutation from directed adaptation in bacteria?
- How did Ehrlich's targeted-molecule approach shape the drug development that followed, from sulphonamides to penicillin?
- How did Einstein's equations connect a particle's random drift to molecular collisions, temperature, and viscosity?
- How did Eric Kandel use the sea slug Aplysia to explain short-term versus long-term memory?
- How did Gajdusek's work on kuru's slow infectious agent later connect to the discovery of prions and BSE?
- How did George Snell's mouse skin-graft experiments lead to the discovery of the major histocompatibility complex?
- How did Henry Dale first extract histamine from ergot fungus rather than from animal tissue?
- How did Joseph McDade eventually identify Legionella pneumophila months after the initial investigation stalled?
- How did Julius Axelrod's discovery of noradrenaline re-uptake lead to modern antidepressant drugs?
- How did Karl Deisseroth combine these microbial proteins to switch neurons on and off with light?
- How did Marie Curie's death the year before shape the significance of her daughter's prize?
- How did Meyer's research on psittacosis lead to modern bird import and quarantine protocols?
- How did Michael Houghton clone the genome of the hepatitis C virus without ever growing it in a dish?
- How did Muller's warnings about X-ray exposure shape later radiation protection standards?
- How did Nash's schizophrenia affect the decades between his 1950 dissertation and his 1994 Nobel Prize?
- How did Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus systematically map the genes controlling a fruit fly's body plan?
- How did Physarum polycephalum find the shortest path between food sources in a maze without a nervous system?
- How did Robert Bárány use warm and cold water to test the vestibular system?
- How did Robinson's 1917 synthesis of tropinone in three steps outperform the approaches chemists had used before?
- How did Ross trace the malaria parasite's path through a mosquito's body to prove transmission?
- How did Salvarsan change the prognosis for someone with syphilis?
- How did Sherrington and Adrian's work reframe the neuron as an active computational unit rather than a passive wire?
- How did Sherrington explain the coordination of antagonistic muscles during a reflex like a leg flexing?
- How did Stanley Cohen's discovery of epidermal growth factor extend the idea of chemical signalling between cells?
- How did Todd's synthetic chemistry lay groundwork for molecular biology before DNA's structure was even known?
- How did Tomas Tranströmer continue writing poetry after a stroke took his speech?
- How did Tomoki Kojima test whether zebra-like stripes reduce biting fly attacks, and on what animals?
- How did Vale's in-vitro motility assay let researchers watch individual motor proteins walking along filaments?
- How did Virtanen's AIV method use acid to keep silage from rotting without ruining its nutritional value?
- How did Wagner-Jauregg use malaria to treat neurosyphilis?
- How did Zampini and Spence's headphone experiment show that crunch sound affects the perceived freshness of a potato chip?
- How did a chance reaction between a haemophiliac patient's serum and an Aboriginal blood sample lead to the discovery of the hepatitis B surface antigen?
- How did a diabetes drug derived from GLP-1 come to be used for obesity treatment?
- How did a minor finger puncture lead to a chronic infection lasting five years?
- How did a technique built for endocrinology end up used for cancer markers and drug monitoring?
- How did an enzyme from Thermus aquaticus enable the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
- How did beta-blockers and H2 receptor antagonists change the treatment of heart disease and peptic ulcers?
- How did confirming the bacterial cause of syphilis connect to the use of salvarsan as a treatment?
- How did crystallising the ribosome at atomic resolution reveal where antibiotics attach to it?
- How did diphtheria kill children before antitoxin treatment existed?
- How did fluoxetine (Prozac) trigger spawning behaviour in freshwater clams?
- How did imatinib change the survival outlook for patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia?
- How did inserting an antisense gene targeting polygalacturonase slow the Flavr Savr tomato's softening?
- How did local funeral practices contribute to the transmission of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone?
- How did mapping different nerve fibre types change the development of anaesthesia and pain treatment?
- How did mapping the cholesterol synthesis pathway lead to the development of statins?
- How did placing a cat on a cow's back and exploding a paper bag serve as an experimental method?
- How did quarantine alone manage to end the first Ebola outbreak without any available treatment?
- How did researchers get a brainless slime mould to model a rail network?
- How did researchers measure the effect of viewing beautiful versus ugly paintings on perceived pain?
- How did researchers measure whether a fetus responded more strongly to internally placed sound?
- How did researchers model whether Moulay Ismael could plausibly have fathered 888 children?
- How did researchers simulate jetlag in hamsters to test sildenafil's effects?
- How did scientists study nerve fibre development before Harrison's technique existed?
- How did sequencing Haemophilus influenzae set the template for the Human Genome Project?
- How did solving the protease's crystal structure help researchers design saquinavir?
- How did stabbing a voodoo doll representing a supervisor affect participants' feelings of grievance?
- How did surgeons use Darek Fidyka's own nasal tissue to bridge his severed spinal cord?
- How did suspending rhinos upside down compare to stretcher transport for respiratory health?
- How did teenagers turn the anti-loitering device to their own advantage?
- How did the J. Craig Venter Institute team chemically synthesise an entire bacterial genome?
- How did the Lovell Telescope end up being the only instrument able to track Sputnik's carrier rocket?
- How did the University of Amsterdam researchers establish misophonia as a distinct psychiatric condition?
- How did the Wassermann test, built on Bordet's discovery, become one of the first reliable blood tests for syphilis?
- How did the dead salmon study change practices in neuroimaging research?
- How did the discovery of HIV change AIDS from a fatal diagnosis into a manageable condition?
- How did the discovery of leptin change scientific understanding of obesity?
- How did the discovery of the LDL receptor pathway lead to the development of statins?
- How did the inheritance pattern of the white-eye trait reveal that it was linked to the X chromosome?
- How did the newly infatuated group's results differ from people in long-term relationships?
- How did the plaque assay technique developed by Dulbecco and Rubin let researchers count virus particles precisely?
- How did the prion hypothesis eventually explain mad cow disease and its human variant?
- How did the randomised controlled trial compare ice cream to standard mucositis care?
- How did this finding lead to a practical tool for controlling mosquito populations?
- How did this reframing of cancer as an internal malfunction change how targeted cancer therapies are designed?
- How did this testimony contribute to the broader reckoning with the tobacco industry that followed?
- How did this trio's findings become the foundation for understanding anaesthesia and epilepsy?
- How did this work on viral cancer in chickens directly enable the discovery of oncogenes in the 1970s?
- How did you actually run a program on the Altair 8800 with no keyboard or screen?
- How do calcium ions trigger neurotransmitter release in under a millisecond?
- How do capillaries actively regulate blood flow to match a tissue's metabolic demand?
- How do channelrhodopsins let green algae steer toward or away from light?
- How do fabrication routes like anodic aluminum oxide templating and molecular self-assembly differ in the length scales of nanostructure they can control?
- How do liquid-like condensates form inside cells, and what cellular processes do they regulate?
- How do nuclear receptors bind DNA to switch genes on or off once activated?
- How do the semicircular canals of the inner ear detect rotation and orientation?
- How do tumours hijack the body's oxygen-sensing machinery to grow their own blood supply?
- How does Ehrlich's side-chain theory describe the way antibodies recognize invading molecules?
- How does a five-year-old's salivary output compare to that of younger children and adults?
- How does a moose's body mass distribution change where the impact lands on a vehicle compared to a car-to-car crash?
- How does age-related hearing loss explain why the Mosquito device only bothers teenagers?
- How does an ultracentrifuge use spinning force to reveal the mass of a single protein molecule?
- How does anchoring a growing peptide chain to a polymer bead simplify washing away unwanted reagents?
- How does bacterial gene swapping via conjugation complicate a strictly Darwinian, gradualist view of evolution?
- How does calcium binding to synaptotagmin trigger the final fusion step of neurotransmitter release?
- How does chronic ER stress from the unfolded protein response contribute to type 2 diabetes?
- How does coextruding conductive filament around continuous carbon fiber improve electrical connection reliability and noise performance in self-sensing structures?
- How does embedding a quantum-mechanical core inside a classical shell let chemists model enzymes accurately?
- How does inositol trisphosphate (IP3) mobilise calcium stored inside a cell, and why does that matter for muscle contraction?
- How does modeling developing tissue as a porous medium change predictions of morphogen gradient shape compared to simplified diffusion models?
- How does silane coupling agent (KH550) treatment of wood flour compare to acetic anhydride treatment in their effects on the mechanical properties of FDM-printed PLA biocomposites?
- How does supramolecular chemistry mimic what enzymes and antibodies already do in living cells?
- How does template-directed self-assembly using real butterfly wings as sacrificial templates preserve the ridge-lamellae hierarchy in the final inorganic replica?
- How does the direction of rotation relative to the release affect the inner ear's response?
- How does the enzyme cGAS detect misplaced DNA and trigger the STING pathway?
- How does the shape of the lower vertebrae let a pregnant woman's spine curve back to compensate for forward-shifted weight?
- How does the threshold for breaking a beer bottle compare to the force needed to fracture a human skull?
- How does the toilet identify individual users, and what is unusual about its secondary identification method?
- How does tropomyosin physically block myosin from binding to actin in a relaxed muscle?
- How does whole-genome shotgun sequencing reconstruct a genome from randomly shattered fragments?
- How effective are modern antivirals at curing chronic hepatitis C infection?
- How has condensate malfunction been linked to neurodegenerative diseases like ALS?
- How has the wrinkling equation been applied outside of physics, such as to brain folding?
- How is anti-VEGF therapy used outside of cancer treatment, such as in eye disease?
- How is d'Hérelle's century-old discovery being reconsidered today as bacteria grow resistant to antibiotics?
- How long after Kossel's work did Watson and Crick reveal what the nucleotide bases actually encode?
- How many countries and deaths were ultimately linked to the 2003 SARS outbreak?
- How many fungal cultures did Endo screen before finding mevastatin, the first statin, in a Penicillium mould?
- How much did early antiretroviral therapy reduce HIV transmission between serodiscordant couples?
- How much did polio case counts in the United States fall in the years immediately after the vaccine's approval?
- How much saliva does a typical five-year-old child produce in a day, according to Watanabe and Ohnishi's measurements?
- How much stronger than Earth's gravity were the forces Svedberg's rotor generated, and why was that necessary?
- How quickly did food dropped on contaminated tiles pick up E. coli in her experiment?
- How was DDT used in wartime and postwar public health campaigns before its risks were understood?
- How was the Blonskys' 1965 centrifugal birthing device supposed to work?
- How was the body louse confirmed as the vector responsible for spreading typhus?
- How were doctors able to image the interior of a living skull before CT scanners existed?
- How widespread is Legionella pneumophila in modern engineered water systems like cooling towers and plumbing?
- In what sense did Salvarsan establish the principle behind modern pharmacology?
- In what sense does tissue geometry tune morphogen gradient profiles during development, and what does this imply for treating morphogens as physical rather than purely chemical fields?
- In what ways did Bordet's mechanistic view of immunity lay groundwork for blood typing and allergy research?
- In which domains has the benefit of interleaving over blocked practice been validated?
- What are Koch's postulates and what four steps did his tuberculosis demonstration establish?
- What are SNARE proteins and how do they let a vesicle fuse with exactly the right membrane?
- What are disordered protein regions, and why were they long dismissed as structural filler?
- What are hypothalamic releasing hormones, and why did it take two rival laboratories nearly two decades to isolate them?
- What are the three stages syphilis progresses through in an untreated patient?
- What basic principle of viral oncology did Dulbecco and Rubin establish about how a virus alters a cell's hereditary programme?
- What biological and behavioural mechanisms link financial strain to gum disease?
- What biomarkers can Seung-min Park's smart toilet detect from urine and stool images?
- What brain mechanism might explain why looking at a beautiful painting reduces pain intensity?
- What cancers did Silvano Gallus's epidemiological studies associate with regular pizza consumption?
- What caused Telstar 1 to go silent just seven months after launch?
- What caused the aplastic anaemia that killed Marie Curie in 1934?
- What caused the mysterious pneumonia outbreak among American Legion convention delegates at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in 1976?
- What charge did a Leningrad court bring against Joseph Brodsky in 1964, and what was his defense?
- What chemical bonds did Alexander Todd map out in synthesizing ATP and related coenzymes?
- What clue about hospitalized typhus patients led Nicolle to suspect clothing and skin as the mode of transmission?
- What clue led Harvey Alter to suspect an unidentified virus was causing hepatitis in transfusion patients?
- What combination of drugs was presented at the 1996 Vancouver AIDS conference, and how effective was it at suppressing HIV?
- What correlation did Newman find between claimed supercentenarian prevalence and the quality of local birth registration?
- What could doctors diagnose after CT scanning that they couldn't diagnose with plain X-rays?
- What debate about penicillin's structure did Dorothy Hodgkin settle in 1945?
- What did Charles Huggins discover about the relationship between male sex hormones and prostate cancer growth?
- What did Charnetski and Brennan's study find about Muzak and immunoglobulin A levels?
- What did Dieter Oesterhelt discover about bacteriorhodopsin in salt-loving archaea?
- What did Douglas Coleman's parabiosis experiments with obese mice reveal about appetite control?
- What did Edgar Adrian discover about how nerve fibres encode signal strength?
- What did Elwood Jensen discover about how oestrogen interacts with cells in the 1960s?
- What did Enders, Weller, and Robbins demonstrate in 1949 about growing poliovirus in non-neural human tissue?
- What did Evelyn Witkin discover about how bacteria respond to UV-induced DNA damage?
- What did Fischer's total synthesis of haemin in 1929 actually involve?
- What did Fleming find on his culture plate when he returned from holiday on 3 September 1928?
- What did Frederick Hopkins's rat feeding experiments show about 'accessory food factors'?
- What did Furchgott discover about the role of endothelial cells in relaxing blood vessel walls?
- What did Laveran do with his prize money, and why?
- What did Lederberg discover about how bacteria exchange genetic material through conjugation?
- What did Mechnikov observe in starfish larvae that led him to discover phagocytosis?
- What did Morgan's discovery prove about the physical nature of genes?
- What did Muller's findings reveal about the relationship between radiation exposure and heritable genetic damage?
- What did Paul Ehrlich mean by a 'magic bullet' (Zauberkugel) and how did Salvarsan fulfill that idea?
- What did Phoebus Levene establish about the structural backbone of DNA?
- What did Rita Levi-Montalcini observe when a mouse tumour was implanted near a chick embryo's nervous system?
- What did Robert Beaumont's survey find about patient preferences for waxed versus unwaxed floss?
- What did Robert Genco find about the relationship between financial stress and periodontal disease?
- What did Theorell prove by separating the yellow ferment into a protein and a prosthetic group, then recombining them?
- What did Venter's team achieve with the first synthetic bacterial cell in 2010?
- What did brain imaging reveal about whether cheese aversion is psychological or neurological?
- What did clinical trials in the late 1970s show about statins' effect on LDL cholesterol and heart attacks?
- What did independent analyses find about cancer rates near Three Mile Island after the accident?
- What did the disrupted milk let-down confirm about the effect of fear on the milk ejection reflex?
- What did the miasma theory of malaria claim, and where did that idea originally come from?
- What did the response of mouth and tongue movements on ultrasound indicate about fetal hearing?
- What did the serotonin transporter levels reveal about people newly in love?
- What did the seven tobacco company executives testify to Congress in 1994, and how did that conflict with their own companies' internal research?
Showing 200 of 387 connected questions.
Sources
- Biomimetic reconstruction of butterfly wing scale nanostructures for radiative cooling and structural coloration
- Hydromechanical field theory of plant morphogenesis
- Interleaved Practice Benefits Implicit Sequence Learning and Transfer
- Morphogen gradients are regulated by porous media characteristics of the developing tissue
- Multiscale modeling of regularly staggered carbon fibers embedded in nano-reinforced composites
- Sensitivity increase of 3D printed, self-sensing, carbon fibers structures with conductive filament matrix
- Synthetic genetic circuits as a means of reprogramming plant roots
- Wood Flour Pretreatment and Toughening Agents in FDM 3D-Printed PLA Biocomposites
- Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
- Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences 2026
- Castle Bravo thermonuclear test
- Combination antiretroviral therapy transforms HIV treatment
Show 28 more sources
- DNA identified as genetic material
- DNA structural chemistry clarified
- Death of Albert Einstein
- Death of J. Craig Venter
- Death of Marie Curie
- Description of Thermus aquaticus
- Discovery of parathyroid hormone function
- Einstein's paper on Brownian motion
- First BCG tuberculosis vaccination administered
- First HIV protease inhibitor approved
- First clinical report of AIDS in the United States
- First complete human chromosome sequenced
- First electron microscope prototype built
- First induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse skin
- First patient partially recovers from paraplegia using transplanted olfactory cells
- First pig kidney transplanted into a living human recipient
- First sequencing of a free-living organism's complete genome
- First successful clinical tests of penicillin begin
- First synthetic bacterial cell created
- Flavr Savr genetically modified tomato approved
- Frederick Hopkins begins experimental work on accessory food factors
- Félix d'Hérelle discovers bacteriophages
- HPTN 052 trial shows antiretroviral treatment prevents HIV transmission
- Identification of Legionella pneumophila
- Identification of histamine
- Identification of prions as infectious proteins
- Ideonella sakaiensis: bacterium that breaks down PET plastic
- Ig Nobel Prize in Anatomy