- Why did Klas Pontus Arnoldson resign from the Swedish parliament to pursue pacifism?
- What argument did Arnoldson make for why small nations benefit more from arbitration than alliances?
League of Nations
The interwar international organization for peace.
- Why did both France and Germany view Rolland's wartime writing from Switzerland with suspicion?
- What stance did Spitteler take in his 1914 lecture on Swiss neutrality, and why was it unusual for the time?
- Why did the United States Senate refuse to ratify the League of Nations despite Wilson designing it?
- How did Wilson's national tour to build public support for the League end with his stroke and incapacitation?
- In what ways did the United Nations end up rebuilding what the League of Nations failed to achieve?
- What role did Léon Bourgeois play at the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907?
- How closely did the League of Nations that formed in 1920 resemble what Bourgeois had proposed decades earlier?
- Why did the United States decline to join the League of Nations?
- What habits of multilateral deliberation did the League of Nations pass on to its successor organization?
- How did Karl Hjalmar Branting pursue international arbitration through Swedish parliamentary politics?
- What role did Christian Lous Lange play as secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union?
- What did the Locarno treaties commit France and Germany to regarding their shared borders and future disputes?
- Why is the 'spirit of Locarno' remembered as sincere even though the arrangement collapsed within a decade?
- What happened to Germany's standing among European nations in the same year as the Locarno prize?
- How did the deaths of Stresemann and Briand in 1929 and 1932 relate to the unraveling of the peace they built?
- What diplomatic event three years earlier made the 1927 Peace Prize feel like a moment of optimism?
- Why did a French and a German peace activist share the same prize?
- Why did the pact fail to prevent Japan's invasion of Manchuria or Germany's remilitarization of the Rhineland?
- What was the World Disarmament Conference trying to achieve, and why did it ultimately collapse?
- How did Arthur Henderson's working-class background and Labour Party career shape his approach to disarmament diplomacy?
- What was the Anti-War Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, and how did Saavedra Lamas use it to end the Chaco War?
- What role did Robert Cecil play in drafting the League of Nations' covenant?
- What was the Peace Ballot of 1935 and why did its result go unheeded?
- Why did the 1937 Peace Prize land amid Ethiopia's conquest and the Spanish Civil War?
- How did Cecil's League of Nations thinking carry over into the United Nations' design?
- What was the Nansen passport and how did it let stateless refugees legally cross borders?
- Why did the Nansen International Office for Refugees close in the same year it won the Nobel Peace Prize?
- How did the Nansen passport influence the modern refugee travel document system?