- What kind of institutional peace work did Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant pursue between France and Germany?
Cold War History
The geopolitical conflict between the US and Soviet bloc.
- What civic work did Ferdinand Buisson do to build pacifist opinion in France?
- Why did Ludwig Quidde's pamphlet about Caligula get him into trouble?
- Why did a French and a German peace activist share the same prize?
- How did the early-warning minutes provided by Chain Home affect the outcome of the Battle of Britain?
- How much warning time did Chain Home typically give Fighter Command before an incoming raid?
- What did German planners misjudge about the value of the Chain Home masts they knew existed?
- How did the availability of mass-produced penicillin change survival odds for wounded soldiers by D-Day?
- What role did the Mark 2 Colossus play in confirming German expectations about the D-Day invasion site?
- How many doses of penicillin were ready for the Normandy landings, and what battlefield problem did that solve?
- Why was rebuilding Western Europe's economy considered a strategic move against the spread of communism?
- What propaganda contrast did Soviet engineers draw between Obninsk's civilian power and the American Castle Bravo test in the same year?
- What triggered the 1956 Suez Crisis, and why did it unite the US and USSR in opposition?
- Why did Sputnik 1's launch cause such alarm in Washington despite US intelligence tracking Soviet rocketry?
- Why did some California towns burn Steinbeck's books, and what accusations did he face?
- What did the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty actually prohibit?
- Why is John Glenn remembered as a first when Soviet cosmonauts had already orbited Earth?
- How did Townes in New York and Basov and Prokhorov in Moscow arrive at working masers independently?
- How did 'One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich' manage to get published during the Khrushchev thaw?
- What was Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, and what treaties did it produce with Poland and the Soviet Union?
- Why was West Germany's prior refusal to recognise East Germany considered both morally and strategically flawed by Brandt?
- Why did Czesław Miłosz defect from the Polish diplomatic service in 1951, and what did it cost him?
- How large did Solidarity's membership grow, and why did that scale worry the Polish government?
- How did an American and a Soviet cardiologist come to co-found an anti-nuclear organization during the Cold War?
- What made Central America's overlapping civil wars in the mid-1980s a proxy theatre for outside powers?
- Which peacekeeping missions was the UN running simultaneously by 1988?
- Why is it considered ironic that Gorbachev won the Peace Prize for restraint that hastened the dissolution he hoped to prevent?
- How did Szymborska navigate writing poetry in a Polish literary culture that expected poets to either serve the state or suffer for refusing to?