- What modern explanation for novae — involving a white dwarf and a companion star — replaced the 1918 understanding?
Nuclear Weapons History
The development, testing, and geopolitics of nuclear arms.
- What later technologies, for better and worse, became possible once the neutron was understood?
- How powerful was the Trinity detonation compared to conventional explosives, and how far did its effects reach?
- What was the yield of RDS-1 compared to the bomb dropped on Nagasaki?
- How does a staged thermonuclear design use a fission explosion to ignite a secondary fusion stage?
- What role did the lithium-7 isotope play in the unexpectedly large yield of the Castle Bravo detonation?
- What specific argument did the Russell–Einstein Manifesto make about victory in a thermonuclear war?
- Why did Bertrand Russell frame the manifesto around plain factual warning rather than a broader argument against war itself?
- Why did Calder Hall's Magnox reactors serve both civilian electricity and Britain's weapons programme at the same time?
- What rocket carried Sputnik 1 into orbit, and why was it originally designed for a different purpose?
- How did Bohr's postwar work address the dangers of the nuclear weapons he had helped develop?
- On what grounds did Oppenheimer advise against developing the hydrogen bomb?
- What role did Andrei Sakharov play in developing the Soviet hydrogen bomb?
- What is the Treaty of Tlatelolco, and how did it establish the first nuclear-weapon-free zone in an inhabited region?
- What role did the South African Council of Churches play in organizing non-violent resistance to apartheid?
- What role did Sakharov play in developing the Soviet thermonuclear bomb before he became a dissident?
- What role did Edward Teller play in developing the hydrogen bomb?
- What was the Strategic Defense Initiative that Teller championed in the 1980s?
- What did Chirac do the following year that suggested the international objections had been heard?
- What sequence of nuclear tests did India and Pakistan conduct in May 1998?
- Why did the Ig Nobel committee describe the tests as 'aggressively peaceful'?
- How did Bethe's later stance on nuclear weapons and missile defence relate to his wartime work?
- What was the founding purpose of the IAEA when it was established in 1957?
- Why might rising nuclear threats in Europe have influenced the Nobel Committee's choice in 2024?