- What happens to a conditioned response when the signal is presented without the food that used to follow it?
Archaeology and Paleontology
The study of past life and human history through physical remains.
- What modern technologies, from airport scanners to art conservation, trace back to Barkla's characteristic X-rays?
- How did Howard Carter come to find the staircase leading to Tutankhamun's tomb after years of unsuccessful digging?
- Why had Tutankhamun's tomb escaped the plundering that emptied nearly every other royal burial in the Valley of the Kings?
- What did Carter find inside the tomb once the sealed door was opened?
- How did the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb change public interest in ancient Egypt?
- What fossils did Roy Chapman Andrews's expedition find at the Flaming Cliffs in the Gobi Desert in 1923?
- Why was the dinosaur originally found sitting on eggs at the site named Oviraptor, and why was that name later shown to be a mistake?
- What had the original goal of Andrews's Central Asiatic Expeditions been, and what did they find instead?
- How did the Gobi Desert fossil finds change scientific understanding of Cretaceous ecosystems in Central Asia?
- What modern applications rely on Raman spectroscopy today?
- How did Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer recognize the coelacanth as unusual among an ordinary trawler catch?
- Why had scientists believed the coelacanth lineage to be extinct for roughly sixty-six million years?
- What does the coelacanth's lack of dramatic evolutionary change over 350 million years suggest about its lineage?
- How did radiocarbon dating change archaeology's ability to date ancient organic material before Libby's method existed?
- How did palaeomagnetic surveys in the early 1960s confirm the seafloor spreading hypothesis and make plate tectonics unavoidable?
- How did potassium-argon dating establish the age of the Paranthropus boisei fossil?
- How did archaeologists estimate the age of ancient objects before radiocarbon dating existed?
- How does newly formed basalt at a mid-ocean ridge record the direction of Earth's magnetic field?
- How did Asturias's time in Paris combine surrealism with Mayan cosmology in his fiction?
- What evidence led Alvarez and his son to propose that an asteroid impact ended the age of dinosaurs?
- Why was recovering forty percent of a 3.2-million-year-old skeleton so unusual for paleoanthropology?
- Why were paleontologists initially skeptical of the Alvarez hypothesis for the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs?
- In what condition was the wreck found, and how did the bow and stern come to be separated?
- What span of Egyptian history does Mahfouz's Cairo Trilogy cover, and what does it follow across that time?
- What mistake did the Éclaireurs de France scouting group make while cleaning graffiti from a French cave?
- What does this incident suggest about the greatest threats to cultural heritage sites?
- How did researchers first come across evidence of the saola in 1992?
- Why was the saola's discovery considered remarkable for a large land mammal in the late twentieth century?
- What is the conservation status of the saola today?
- How old was the Wollemi Pine believed to be based on the fossil record, and why was it thought extinct?
- How did David Noble come across the surviving stand of Wollemi Pines in 1994?
- Why does the location of the Wollemi Pine canyon remain undisclosed today?
- How do Heaney's bog-body poems turn a specific, local image into a meditation on violence?
- How has the museum commemorated the incident since the paper's publication?
- Why did researchers choose Ellesmere Island specifically to search for a fish-tetrapod transitional fossil?
- What anatomical features of Tiktaalik roseae foreshadow the limbs of land animals?
- How did the discovery of Tiktaalik demonstrate the predictive power of evolutionary theory?
- How do burrowing armadillos disturb the soil layers that archaeologists rely on to date artefacts?
- What precautions did the researchers recommend excavators take to account for animal disturbance of a site?
- Why did researchers need to know which shrew bones survive passage through the human digestive tract?
- What method did Brian Crandall and Peter Stahl use to test digestive survival of small mammal bones?
- How does the finding that certain shrew bones dissolve change how archaeologists interpret ancient latrine and midden remains?
- How did an artificial tail change a chicken's centre of mass and gait?
- Why can't scientists directly observe how a two-legged dinosaur actually walked?
- What did the modified chickens' gait suggest about non-avian dinosaur locomotion?
- How did James Cole calculate the caloric value of a human body tissue by tissue?
- How does the energy yield of a human body compare to a mammoth or a horse?
- What does the low caloric yield of human bodies suggest about the motives behind prehistoric cannibalism?
- Why have museum conservators long used a moistened fingertip to clean old paintings and sculptures?
- How did human saliva compare to distilled water and commercial cleaning solutions in controlled tests?
- What was the original 1998 anthropological claim about an Inuit hunter and a knife made of frozen faeces?
- How did Eren, Bebber, and Norris test whether a frozen faecal knife could actually butcher an animal?
- What do the ritual scenes depicted on ancient Maya ceramics reveal about how elites consumed psychoactive substances?